Showing posts with label irony. Show all posts
Showing posts with label irony. Show all posts

Saturday, 2 May 2015

The Rules of Writing Poetry

"Painting is poetry that is seen rather than felt, and poetry is painting that is felt rather than seen." (Leonardo da Vinci)


You're ready to write your first poem.  What points should you keep in mind as you compose each line, each stanza?  Firstly, Kara Zeihl recommends that you set a goal for your poem (http://jerz.setonhill.edu/writing/creative1/poetry-writing-tips-how-to-write-a-poem/#1).  Is your purpose to describe an event or to protest an injustice or to tell a tale?  Robert Lee Brewer offers five examples that might inspire you to write a poem:  

  • capture a moment
  • steal a conversation
  • describe something or someone
  • respond to something
  • use someone else's line

Choose a theme for your poem.  Remember that a theme isn't just an idea, it's an idea plus an opinion. For example, the Vietnam War is an idea.  The senselessness of the Vietnam War is a theme.  


Kara Zeihl reminds you to avoid cliches, overused metaphors, similes or expressions.  Use images to stimulate the reader's senses.  Metaphors and similes are part of the poet's repertoire.  Use concrete rather than abstract words as much as possible.  The reader is more apt to have a sensory response to words that he or she can imagine like bird or sky or stream rather than peacefulness, happiness and serenity.  

Kara Zeihl suggests that you subvert the ordinary.  To subvert literally means to turn something upside down.  See everyday events in a new way.  Come at it from a different perspective.  "The best poems get written not by going in the front door of the subject, but round the back or down the chimney or through the window."

Tap into your own feelings.  Write about subjects that matter to you.  If it matters to you, you're likely to be more passionate about it.  Let that passion show in your writing.

Use everything in your toolbox, says Alison Feeney-Hart http://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-29538180).  Remember the literary devices you learned about in school like personification and  alliteration?  Well, poetry has poetic devices:

  • assonance ex. repeated vowel sounds in words near each other ex. "He's a bruisin' loser!"
  • cacophony:  a series of harsh unpleasant sounds to convey disorder ex. "My stick fingers click with a snicker/And chuckling they knuckle the keys"
  • repetition:  the re-use of words and phrases for effect ex. "Cannon to the right of them, Cannon to the left of them, Cannon in front of them, Volley'd and thunder'd"
  • rhyme:  words that have different beginning sounds but endings that are alike ex. time, slime, chime (Note:  Remember rhymes should be natural, not forced.  Kara Ziehl suggests that you stick to free verse and save rhyming until you are a more experienced poet.  However, I enjoy the challenge of writing a poem that rhymes.)
  • contrast:  closely arranged things with strikingly different characteristics ex. He was dark, sinister and cruel; she was radiant, pleasant and kind.
  • oxymoron:  two words back to back which have opposite meanings ex. open secret, tragic comedy, foolish wisdom
  • personification:  attributing human characteristics to an inanimate object ex. The days crept by slowly, sorrowfully.
  • irony:  a contradictory statement to reveal a reality different to what appears to be true ex. Edgar Allan Poe's The Raven
For a more complete list, visit http://www.chaparralpoets.org/devices.pdf.

Ideas are great, but if you don't put aside the time to write, you'll never be a poet.  Find a regular time to write each day.  When I took my online poetry writing course, my daughter was very young.  I waited until she and my son were in bed at 9 pm before I started to write.  I would get in a solid two or three hours of writing.

Now it's time to grab a pen and paper and start composing the first line of your poem.








Thursday, 16 April 2015

Literary Devices: Weave Them Into Your Writing

"The point isn't to memorize literary devices; the point is to become familiar with them, learn how to use them, practice using them and weave them into your writing, to make it brighter, more imaginative and filled with a richness that it won't get otherwise." (Leah McLellan)



Here is a list of literary techniques that you can incorporate into your writing whether it's fiction or non-fiction.

1.  alliteration:  a series of words which all begin with the same letter
ex. "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers."  Books with alliteration include Dr. Seuss' ABC and Lilly's Purple Plastic Purse.

2.  assonance:  similar vowel sounds
ex. "Don't pander to a panhandler named Dan the Handiman."

3.  metonymy:  similar to a metaphor
ex. "He supported his family with his own sweat and blood."

4.  onomatopoeia:  the word imitates the sound
ex.  "The rain plip plopped against the window pane."  Books that focus on onomatopoeia are Going on a Bear Hunt and Mr. Brown can Moo Can You?

5.  oxymoron:  two words that have opposite meanings 
ex.  Great Depression; jumbo shrimp; deafening silence

6.  personification:  inanimate objects take on human characteristics
ex. "The stars danced playfully in the moonlit sky."  Books that focus on personification are The Day the Crayons Quit and Charlotte's Web.

7.  asyndeton:  omit conjunctions in a list
ex.  "Write, revise, edit, proofread, repeat; that's your job as a writer."

8.  hyperbole:  exaggeration for effect
ex.  "He could have knocked me over with a feather."

9.  allusion:  referring to an actual historical event
ex.  "The Cold War was back on when I told the kids we weren't going to the movies."  Books that focus on allusion are Animal Farm and Harry Potter.

10.  anaphora:  repetition of a word/phrase at the beginning of successive clauses 
ex.  "If you don't dream, if you don't plan, if you don't act, if you don't take a chance, you'll never get anywhere."

11.  procatalepsis:  anticipates reader rejection and addresses it
ex.  "You might think these literary devices are silly or not worth your time.  If you ask any experienced writer however, you'll soon learn how valuable they truly are." 

12.  epizeuxis:  repetition of a word for effect
ex.  "All he ever did was whine, whine, whine."

13.  irony:  say one thing and mean the opposite; expect one thing and the opposite happens
ex.  A traffic cop gets his licence suspended for unpaid parking tickets.  Books that focus on irony are Pride & Prejudice and The Help.

14.  foreshadowing:  a hint of what is to come later in the story
ex.  Charles Dickens uses stormy weather to foreshadow changes in Pip's life in Great Expectations.  Little Red Riding Hood has good examples of foreshadowing.

Note:  For more information, visit http://simplewriting.org/15-divine-devices-to-drastically-improve-your-writing/.





Saturday, 7 March 2015

You Had Me at the Hook

Remember the movie Jerry McGuire starring Tom Cruise and Renee Zellwegger?  They had dated for a few months, but broke up.  Afterwards, Tom's character experienced success as a football player's agent, but realized it was empty if he had no one to share it with.  So he went back to Renee's character with a humble heart, begging her to come back to him.  Tom's character delivered a long drawn out speech to which Renee's character responded:  "You had me at hello."  When you write, try to have the same effect on your readers.  Give them a hook that is powerful enough to reel them in.

While your hook is found at the beginning of your newspaper article, Dawn Copeman recommends that you write it at the end.  After your first draft, you will have a better idea of the focus of your piece.  Dawn Copeman recommends that your write both a hook and a lead for your article.  The lead introduces the story.

"When my daughter Eleanor was eight months old, I gave her some scrambled eggs to eat.  Within minutes she was screaming, her eyes and nose were running, she had a rash all over and was having difficulty breathing.  This was my introduction to food allergy."

The hook, on the other hand, answers the reader's question:  "Why should I keep reading?"   Here is Dawn Copeman's hook for her food allergy article:

"What neither of us knew then was that egg is the most common form of food allergy in babies...It is considered so dangerous that doctors recommend that you don't give eggs to babies until they are one year old.  While you might think this is an over reaction, the fact is that food allergies are on the increase.  Approximately 8% of all children under five have a food allergy; twenty five years ago, it was only 4%."

Dawn Copeman recommends that at the end of your article, you either answer the question posed or resolve the issue presented in the hook.

ex.  "Yes, food allergies are on the rise.  Statistics show that they have doubled in the past ten years and scientists fear that this increase shows no signs of abating.  But now you know how to reduce the risk of your child developping a food allergy; hopefully your child will not be one of the statistics."

Below are some strategies to hook the reader.

1.  Use the news

ex.  "The Star's Wednesday editorial by Juliet Guichon and Dr. Rupert Kaul calls the Gardasil story troubling and disappointing, and the editorial's headline 'Science shows HPV vaccine has no dark side' challenges the original article's suggestion that Gardasil is linked to complications in young women." Visit http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/manitoba/the-gardasil-girls-how-toronto-star-story-on-young-women-hurt-public-trust-in-vaccine-1.2957524 for the full article.

2.  Tell a dramatic anecdote

"The first sign of trouble was powder in the baby's urine.  Then there was blood.  By the time the parents took their son to the hospital, he had no urine at all."  For the article in its entirety, visit http://www.nytimes.com/2008/10/17/world/asia/17milk.html?em.

3.  Reference popular culture

ex.  "My 14 year old niece Jennie just got her first smart phone in December...But you'll never see Jennie and her BFFs on Facebook.  They don't even have accounts.  They'd rather swap silly pictures and texts using smart phone apps like Instagram and Snapchat." Read the remainder of the article here http://michellerafter.com/2014/07/14/writing-basics-the-lead/.

4.  Paint a picture

ex. "They young Egyptian professional could pass for any New York bachelor.  Dressed in a crisp polo shirt and swathed in cologne, he races his Nissan Maxima through the rain slicked streets of Manhattan, late for a date with a tall brunette." For the rest of the Pulitzer prize winning article, see
http://www.pulitzer.org/archives/7140.

5.  Use wit and irony to point out a contradiction

"Environmentalists Drive Gas Guzzler from Protest Site" (http://www.freedomworks.org/content/environmentalists-drive-gas-guzzler-protest-site).

6.  Commemorate an anniversary

ex. "On the 50th anniversary of the Bloody Sunday march that erupted in police violence on Selma's Edmund Pettus Bridge, President Barack Obama praised the figures of a civil rights era he was too young to know." See the full article at http://www.thestar.com/news/world/2015/03/07/obama-to-join-in-50th-anniversary-of-bloody-sunday-in-selma.html.

7.  Cite a major new study

ex. New evidence puts into doubt the long standing belief that a deficiency in seratonin -- a chemical messenger in the brain -- plays a central role in depression.  For the entire article, visit http://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/pressroom/presspacs/2014/acs-presspac-august-27-2014/new-study-throws-into-question-long-held-belief-about-depression.html.

8.  Use a personal example

ex. "The day had come.  I'd lasted as long as I could in my marriage.  Once my husband, Bill, left for work, I packed a bag for myself and my fourteen month old son and left our home." For more, read
http://www.todayschristianwoman.com/articles/2008/september/list-that-saved-my-marriage.html.

9.  Include a famous quote

ex. "In a coffee shop not long ago I saw a mug with an inspiration from Henry David Thoreau:  'Go confidently in the direction of your dreams!  Live the life you've imagined.'" See
http://www.nytimes.com/2011/08/30/opinion/falser-words-were-never-spoken.html.